This paper aims to review the past research on why and for what purpose learning assessment as citizenship education has been considered from the perspective of “Assessment as Learning”, especially in geography education. The change from “evaluation” to “assessment” in learning assessment is an important perspective in Japan as well. The research results are summarized as follows: (1) the key concepts in social studies learning assessment theory as citizenship education are “Assessment as Learning,” “self-regulation,” and “agency;” (2) the assessment of learning as citizenship education is the assessment of the learning process that teachers and students construct together to improve learning for the development of civic qualities; and (3) by clarifying the achievement and issues of social studies learning assessment theory in Japan, it points out the necessity of constructing a practical methodology that combines theory and practice.