School health education is an important content in school education all over the world, and school health education is also valued in China. Physical education teachers, as the implementers of school health education, play an important role in the promotion of school health education. However, in China’s school health education, physical education teachers face various problems such as lack of knowledge about health education, pay less regard to health education, and low implementation rate, which have a great impact on students’ health knowledge acquisition. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to clarify the actual conditions of the knowledge, attitude, and behavior of middle school physical education teachers toward school health education, using Anhui Province in China as a case study. The results showed that the Chinese physical education teachers had good attitudes toward school health education, but their grasp of knowledge and educational behaviors were still inadequate; from the KAB structural model, it was clear that the influence from “knowledge” to “behavior” was not simply direct, but also influenced by the formation of “attitudes”.