This article presents a brief review of the researches concerning the control system of behavior that consists of the error-related process and cognitive control. First, some eventrelated potential (ERP) studies were examined that dealt with the error detection, which is reflected in error-related negativity (ERN), and the subsequent response delay, which is one of cognitive controls for avoiding and/or correcting errors. Second, we investigated the evidences that demonstrate that the conflict detection process is mediated by the activation of anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). ERN is also supposed to originate in ACC, which suggests that both the conflict detection and the error detection mechanisms share the common brain processes. At last, we discuss the role of the affect for the behavior control system based on the ERP and functional imaging studies of the affective influences on conflict detection and cognitive control processes.