教育理解のための基本原理 : 教育の理論と実践の関わりの視点から

In this paper, I want to set out the main principles that I think should underpin our understanding of education. I have set these out in my book, Theory and Practice of Education (Turner, 2007). And central to my concerns are three basic observations: 1) Education is normally directed to the future, not driven by the past, 2) In education, prediction is an uncertain business, and 3) Education is a social process. Putting those three observations together, we can come to a view that Vygotsky viewed people as complex systems with multiple feedback loops (although he did not have the advantage of complexity theory to frame his work). This leads to a very specific difficulty in studying education, because the prediction of outcomes for individuals is subject to the butterfly effect, and consequently impossible. However, in complex systems patterns do arise, and understanding those patterns can lead us to a new understanding of education as a process that is directed towards the future.