In this study, “independent reading” is defined as “reading where the learner considers the act of reading a descriptive text to be valuable.” Csikszentmihalyi’s Flow theory is used to demonstrate requirements for conducting lessons to help learners read descriptive texts independently.
Specifically, the lessons were conducted for learners to have a clear goal, immediate feedback, and to challenge them moderately. The class was analyzed based on the “Flow system” clarified by Hiroaki Imamura.
This study demonstrates the necessity of individualizing learner goals, reading strategies, and immediate feedback when teaching learners to read descriptive texts independently.