Hoffman (2000) have proposed five distinct modes ofempathic arousal; that is, mimicry, classical responding, direct association, mediated association, and role-taking. We examined role-taking in detail from the view point of clinical psychology and psychotherapy (Matsuo & Matsushita, 2007; Matsushita & Matsuo, 2007), but not the other modes. A purpose of this paper is to examine Hoffman's concepts of modes of empathic arousal from the view point of clinical psychology and psychotherapy.