インド地方都市におけるICTサービス産業開発と立地企業の特性 : ウッタラーカンド州都デヘラードゥーンの経験 <研究ノート>

「サービス輸出」を基調として成長してきたインド情報通信技術産業(以下,ICTサービス産業)については,その大都市圏への集積が注目されてきた。しかし,既存集積地での立地にかかわる費用増大と相まって,当該産業は地方都市を新たな立地点とした成長も模索しはじめている。また,大都市圏を持たないインド各州では,州政府が当該産業誘致を梃子に産業開発を試みるようになってきた。そのため,ICTサービス産業立地が起動させる空間的ダイナミズムを理解するためには,インド国外とインド大都市圏との関係だけでなく,非大都市圏をも包含した議論が必要となってきた。しかしながら,非大都市圏にあるインド地方都市へのICTサービス産業立地について,その特徴を論じるための具体的な材料は乏しい。そこで本研究では,北インドに位置するウッタラーカンド州都デヘラードゥーンにおけるICTサービス産業立地の現状を明らかにする。

This article has two principal aims. The first is to represent the development policy for ICT service industries of the Sate of Uttarakhand, a newly constituted state in Northern India after being separated from Uttar Pradesh in 2000. The second aim is to explore in detail the quality of investments and the business operations of ICT service industry in Dehradun, the capital city of Uttarakhand.

Until recently, researches on the service and export-led ICT industry in India have been devoted to metropolitan regions where the industry agglomerated such as Bangalore, Hyderabad, Chennai, Mumbai and National Capital Region (NCR). However, in order to break up the external diseconomy of the agglomerations and to enhance cost advantage under the competitions among emerging countries, ICT industry has begun to explore alternative locations and extend its trans-regional networks to non-metropolitan regions within India. Meanwhile, given the reconfiguration of spatial distribution of the industry in India, the state governments have launched new industry policies in order to attract the ICT industries diffusing from the metropolises and to create job opportunities for educated young people.

The state government of Uttarakhand launched the ICT policy with fiscal subsidies and a development of industrial park in 2006 for attracting and rooting investments from the NCR. Nevertheless the infrastructure is still generally poor and slow due to the lack of "institutional thickness" and ambiguous initiatives of the state government. On the contrary, the NCR-based BPO companies are making substantial investments in their infrastructure and the increase of employee in Dehradun in order to enhance cost-advantage. The growth of low-value added operations depends on the ability of young and crude labor pool in the region. It can be reasserted that the industries devoted to exploit basically cost differences between the NCR and its peripheral state.