In the production of forage crops, especially warm sesson grasses, it is necessary to improve not only the dry matter production but also the nutritive value for animals (quality of forage crops). Nitrogen nutrition of leaves is closely related to both the dry matter production and quality of forage crops. The purpose of this study is to clarify the conditions for the establishment of techniques to produce efficiently the leaf protein fraction which contributes to the improvement of photosynthetic rate and quality of forage crops. The results obtained are summarized as follows:
1) The leaf protein of sorghum (Sorghum vulgare PERS, Sweet Sioux IV) was 70-804000f the total protein produced during its growth period. The leaf protein was fractionated into chloroplastic, cytoplasmic and structural protein. The chloroplastic protein was about 5027777707400f the whole leaf protein, and it was found out that its content per plant varied greatly with the change in the growth environments. Accordingly, it was considered that the chloroplastic protein may be responsible mainly for variation in photsynthetic rate and leaf expansion rate.
2) When the forage crops are grown under the conditions of optimum temperature and adequate supply of solar energy and nitrogen, chloroplastic and cytoplasmic protein can be vigorously synthesized in them, and as the result, the total leaf protein remarkably increases. In sorghum, African millet (Eleusine corocana GARTN ), Fall panic (Panicum dichotemiflorum MICHX, Kagawa native) and Rhodesgrass (Chloris gayana KUNTH, Fords Katambora). photosynthetic rate and leaf-area expansion rate increased linearly with the increasing rate of leaf protein density (the amount of leaf protein per unit leaf area) at the range of 0-6.5, 0-7.0, 0-6.0 and 0-5.0 mg N/dm² respectively, but had a tendency to be constant at the range of the leaf protein density above them. Therefore, the dry matter and protein production in sorghum, African millet, Fall panic and Rhodesgrass will be improved by increasing the leaf protein density at the range of the abovementioned values, and especially the protein production will mainly increase if the range of the leaf protein density can be kept over the above-mentioned values.
3) As nitrogen tends to be insufficient for crop growth in the field, it is necessary to increase not only plant density but also nitrogen application rate in order to increase leaf protein production by grasses. High value of mean crop growth rate (34 g/m²d) and leaf protein yield (310 Kg N/ha) were attained in this study by the sorghum which was grown under the conditions of high plant density (370 plant/m²) and heavy nitrogen application (480 Kg N/m² ).
4) The possible maximum yields of leaf protein of the four grasses were estimated by using the data which was obtained in the fields experiments. The maximium yield of leaf protein of African millet (550 Kg N/ha) and that of Italianryegrass( 576 Kg N/ha) are higher than those of sorghum (420 Kg N/ha) and Rhodesgrass (240 Kg N/ha). African millet and Italian-ryegrass showed higher value than sorghum and Rhodesgrass in the following parameters; leaf-stem ratio, thickness of leaf, nitrogen uptake ability, leaf protein density, proportion of protein-N to total-N in leaf, and proportion of chloroplastic and cytoplasmic protein to total leaf protein. The conditions to maximize leaf protein production in sorghum and Rhodesgrass which were made clear on the basis of the above-mentioned characteristics of each forage crop are: Sorghum: To increase leaf-stem ratio, thickness of leaf, nitrogen uptake ability, and proportion of chloroplastic and cytoplasmic protein to total leaf protein. Rhodesgrass: To increase thickness of leaf, leaf protein density, and proportion of protein-N to total-N in leaf.