In the sixteenth century Europe, various ball games belonging to the type of "Football" were played, e. g. "Football" or "Hurling" in England, "Soule" in France, and "Calcio" in Italy. In the present research, an attention was specially focused on the game of "Calcio" in Italy, because the structure of this ball game has not been sufficently analyzed in contrast with the other games. The structure of calcio, which was so named because of the "ritual of beginning the game with a kick from the foot", was described in a famous treatise by Antonio Scaino ("Trattato del giuoco della Palla" (Venetia. 1555). The tasks of this paper is, first, to translate the texts of A. Scaino describing calcio into Japanese and, second, to analyze the structure of the game of calcio.
During the Japanese translation, some errors of the interpretations have been found not only in English translation by W. W. Kershaw but also in German translation by K. Koch, and they were indicated. In analyzing the structure of calcio, the differences between the game of calcio and "Association Football" became clear. The most significant difference between them consists in the rule of "Off Side" and the conducts of players. The rules of association football include an anticle of the "Off Side" and many articles of fauls. The rule of the "Off Side" was, however, never recognized in the game of calcio. Only throwing the ball was forbidden in the play of calcio. Therefore, this game appeared as the ball game, that presented "more than any other game a picture of a real battle", and that "the players failed in great disarray and upside-down" (by Kershaw).