Do rural and remote areas really have limited accessibility to health care? Geographic analysis of dialysis patients in Hiroshima, Japan

Rural and Remote Health Volume 13 Issue 3 Page 2507- published_at 2013-08-27
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Title ( eng )
Do rural and remote areas really have limited accessibility to health care? Geographic analysis of dialysis patients in Hiroshima, Japan
Creator
Ogawa Takahiko
Takeuchi Keisuke
Source Title
Rural and Remote Health
Volume 13
Issue 3
Start Page 2507
Abstract
Introduction: For an equitable distribution of health resources, resource-allocation policies focus on rural and also remote areas, assuming that these areas are underserved. However, definitions of ‘rural’ and ‘remote’ vary, and are not necessarily synonymous with ‘underserved’. This Japanese study evaluated the association between the rurality/remoteness of the community in which a patient lives and his/her geographic accessibility to dialysis facilities.
Methods: Based on 1867 communities (census blocks) in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan, predictive powers of five community-level rural/remote parameters (population size, population density, elderly rate, agriculture rate, and distance to the nearest city) were evaluated to identify communities where dialysis patients had a longer commute time to dialysis facilities. The proportion of lowaccess communities was examined when those communities were merged to form larger geographic units (four-level stepwise merger). One- way driving times of dialysis patients were used as the access parameter of a community and were calculated using geographic information systems based on the addresses of all the 7374 patients certified by municipalities as having renal disability, and on the addresses and capacities of all 98 dialysis facilities in Hiroshima.
Results: The average driving time was negatively correlated with population and population density, and positively correlated with elderly rate, agriculture rate, and distance to nearest city. When low-access was defined as >20, >30 & >40 min driving time, all rural/remote parameters showed better sensitivities (range 63.5-94.9%) than specificities (55.2-77.9%) to identify low-access communities, and positive predictive values were less than 50% for most parameters. When low-access was defined as >30 min driving time, the proportion of low-access communities substantially decreased when the geographic unit was expanded. In the administrative 'rural' area, the largest geographic unit, the percentage of low-access communities was 30%.
Conclusions: In any definition of 'rural/remote', and in any definition of 'low-access', the rural/remote areas contain a substantial proportion of high-access communities. In addition, a substantial proportion of low-access communities was excluded from rural/remote areas. The accuracy of the term 'low-access' deteriorated when the geographic unit of analysis was expanded. In order to identify underserved areas precisely, it is necessary to set the geographic unit of analysis as small as possible and measure the geographic accessibility itself, rather than designate some areas as 'rural' or 'remote', based on conventional geographic/demographic/distance parameters.
Keywords
geographic information systems
health policy
Japan
renal dialysis
rural health services
Language
eng
Resource Type journal article
Publisher
James Cook University
Date of Issued 2013-08-27
Rights
© M Matsumoto, S Kashima, T Ogawa, K Takeuchi, 2013. A licence to publish this material has been given to James Cook University, http://www.rrh.org.au
Publish Type Version of Record
Access Rights open access
Source Identifier
[ISSN] 1445-6354
[PMID] 23984839
[URI] https://www.rrh.org.au/journal/article/2507