古代インド文法学の意味論 : パタンジャリ著『大注釈』における「行為実現者日課」の研究(1)

The present paper is an annotated Japanese translation of the Bhāṣya on Aṣṭādhyāyī 1.4.23: kārake. This is a heading rule (adhikārasūtra) by which the subsequent kāraka rules (Aṣṭādhyāyī 1.4.24: dhruvam apāye apādānam–Aṣṭādhyāyī 1.4.55: tatprayojako hetuś ca) are governed. This paper is the first attempt to translate into Japanese Patañjali’s elaborate commentary on this grammatical rule of Pāṇini’s, with a view to stimulating and furthering studies of Pāṇinian grammar in Japan. The following is a synopsis of the discussions Patañjali conducts in commenting on the rule:
1 The use of the word kārake as intended to assign a class name
2 The necessity of defining what is assigned the class name kāraka
2.1 A problem caused by not defining what is assigned the class name kāraka and its solution
1: The problem of assigning the class name apādāna to ‘village’ in ‘. . . is coming from the vicinity of the village’ (grāmasya samīpād āgacchati) and a solution based on the village’s state of not being an action-participant (kāraka)
2.2 A problem caused by not defining what is assigned the class name kāraka and its solution
2: The problem of assigning the class name karman to ‘Brahmin’ in ‘. . . is asking the Brahmin’s son the way’ (brāhmaṇasya putraṃ panthānaṃ prcchati) and a solution based on an interpretation of the word akathita in Aṣṭādhyāyī 1.4.51: akathitañ ca
2.3 A problem caused by not defining what is assigned the class name kāraka and its solution
3: The problem of assigning the class name apādāna to ‘tree’ in ‘a leaf of the tree is falling’ (vrkṣasya parṇaṃ patati) and a solution based on the tree’s state of not being an action-participant (kāraka)
2.4 A problem caused by not defining what is assigned the class name kāraka and its solution
4: The problem of assigning the class name karman to ‘Brahmin’ in ‘. . . is asking the Brahmin’s son the way’ (brāhmaṇasya putraṃ panthānaṃ prcchati) and a solution based on the fact that the term kāraka is a long term (mahatī sañjñā)
3 Discourses on the etymological meaning of the long term kāraka
3.1 The problem of applying an agent noun (kartrśabda) to an entity that is not an agent
3.2 The agency of each action-participant
3.2.1 The agency of an agent (kartr) with respect to the act of cooking
3.2.2 The agency of a locus (adhikaraṇa) with respect to the act of cooking
3.2.3 The agency of an instrument (karaṇa) with respect to the act of cooking
3.2.4 The agency of an agent with respect to the act of cutting
3.2.5 The agency of an instrument with respect to the act of cutting
3.3 The problem with the agency of an entity that serves as a point of departure (apādāna) and so forth
3.4 A solution based on the independence and dependence of an action-participant
3.5 The problem of a following rule taking precedence over a previous rule and its solution based on the independence and dependence of an action-participant
3.6 What is it to be dependent?
3.6.1 The dependence of a pot with respect to the act of washing and turning.
3.6.2 The independence and dependence established by the concept of effort (yatna)
3.6.3 The dependence established by the other action-participants’ coexistence with the principal one (pradhāna)
3.6.4 A definition of the principle
3.6.5 The mutual characterization of the state of being an action-participant and that of being a locus
3.6.6 A new definition of the term kāraka
4 Another interpretation of kārake in A 1.4.23 and its reason