F. J. J. ボイテンディクの遊び論 : 生物学的遊び論の一系譜

F. J. J. Buytendijk's Theory of Play : Heritage in Biological Theory of Play

Kusudo Kazuhiko

体育學研究

In order to exactly define the concept, 'sport' as an object of sports-science, it is necessary to examine the relation between sport and play in the light of human movement. Examined in this paper, is the play theory of F. J. J. Buytendijk (1887-1974), a Dutch specialist in biology and philosophical anthropology, with an invaluable contribution to the study of functional movement of sports.

F. J. J. Buytendijk criticized both theories, the theory of life preparation by K. Groos who explained the causality of play on the basis of Darwinian teleological principles, and the theory of pleasure by S. Freud who explained play on the basis of mechanical psychoanalysis. Through this criticism he developed the biologico-functional theory in order to account for the dynamic character and psychological experience of play. He closely examined play of animals and basic impulses and arrived at an axiomatic conclusion "Das Spielen ist immer ein Spielen mit etwas" (To Play is always to play with something), which seems to play a pivotal role in his theory of play. . Close examination of this biologic-functional axiom enables us to characterize his theory of play as follows:

1) the subject of play is governed by two basic impulses of freedom and unity and also by youthfulness definable in terms of non-directionality, an urge to move, a pathetic attitude, and shyness.

2) An object becomes an object of playing as far as it activates the player's imagination.

3) The essence of play is moving back and forth, from which may be derived the following characteristics: a) unpredictable movement of the subject and object of playing, b) determination of the field and rules of playing, c) alternation of tension and relaxation while playing, and d) development of play.

4) While sport is characterized by performance and competition, playing is not done so.

Sports and physical training [ 780 ]

jpn

日本体育学会

Copyright (c) 1979 日本体育学会

この論文の著作権は(社)日本体育学会に帰属します

[ISSN] 0484-6710

[NCID] AN00409623