In India, “The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act” was enacted in 2006. The Act recognizes and vests forest rights and forestland occupations of forest-dwelling Scheduled Tribes and other traditional forest dwellers. The present study provides comprehensive information related to the Act and considers the contemporary situation of the forest and tribal sectors in India by exploring the political processes of the formulation and implementation of the Act. This legislation was a result of grassroots protest movements by tribal organizations against the eviction of “encroachers” of forestland enforced in 2002. However, the Act has not been implemented as planned. The forest administration’s resistance or opposition to the implementation of the Act has been indicated in previous literature. The case of the Forest Rights Act infers that local protests or movements for resources or land rights can lead to fundamental changes in the existing institutions or government systems, by being integrated into national and regional political processes. Furthermore, this case indicates that legislation alone may not automatically secure the rights of tribal people or democratization of the forest sector; policy implementation is equally important.