唐代“雜劇”小考

As for the question when “Courtroom Drama” was formed, some books on history of literature at my hand mention that it has been developed based on Can-Jun-Drama during the Northern Sung period. Tracing to its source, such a viewpoint seems to follow the descriptions which are often seen in “Study of Yuan Ren Courtroom Drama” written by Masaru Aoki. Although a leading figure in Dramas living in the same period, Wang Guowei, didn’t pursue this issue deeply, he also seems to regard the origin of “Courtroom Drama” as around the Northern Sung period. Afterwards, Ren Bantang insisted that sort of Dramas or plays were already formed in the Tang Dynasty, but his opinion has neither been widely accepted, nor attracted future generations. In fact, ensuring historical verisimilitude of a large literature carefully in the Tang and Northern Sung Dynasty, I’ve found that performance style of “Courtroom Drama” was already established in the Tang Dynasty, along with Can-Jun-Drama and Puppetry. In addition, “Courtroom Drama” spread not only at the inner courts in Chang An and Luo Yang but also in the Jiedushi’s governments (Jiedushi is regional military governor in ancient China) and temples spotted in local areas. This thesis provides evidence to prove that “Courtroom Drama” existed already in the Tang Dynasty and also analyzes about performance styles of “Courtroom Drama” based on historical records.

“雜劇”起源於何時，手頭上的幾種文學史一般均將其描述爲“北宋時在參軍戲的基礎上發展起來的”[1]。追本溯源，這種觀點大多是繼承了青木正兒於《元人雜劇研究》中的闡述[2]。對於這一問題，同時代的戲曲研究大家王國維雖然沒有予以明確的追究，但也大致認同這一觀㸃[3]。爾後，任半塘雖主張唐代即有“編劇本與撰戲曲之事實”[4]，但其觀點卻未成定論，甚至很少引起後人關注。

其實，如果對唐宋文獻做一個更爲廣泛細緻的考證，就可知道，與參軍戲、傀儡戲等一樣，唐代確實已經產生了“雜劇”這一表演形式，而且還不僅局限於長安洛陽的內廷之中，在各地節度使幕府及寺廟也均有傳播。本文擬於此提供一些可以直接證明唐代就有雜劇的史料，並根據這些史料來對唐代雜劇形態作一些分析。