In May, 1980, micro- (>10 μm) and nanophytoplankton (<10 μm) biomass in the East China Sea were measured in terms of chlorophyll a concentration and cell number. Analysis of particulate organic carbon was also done. Microplankton cell volume was estimated by approximated assignment of cell shape to the geometrical configuration, and cellular carbon content was estimated using conversion equations. Nanoplankton cell carbon was estimated using the microplankton C:chlorophyll a ratio. Total phytoplankton (microplankton + nanoplankton) cell carbon in the euphotic layer accounted for <6.6 % of particulate organic carbon in the oligotrophic Kuroshio water, and <40 % even in the coastal water near Kyushu. The contribution of micro- and nanoplankton carbon to total phytoplankton carbon showed the areal difference; >90 % of the total consisted of microplankton in the coastal water, while >90 % consisted of nanoplankton in the offshore Kuroshio water. Low values of microplankton C:chlorophyll a ratio suggested high photosynthetic activity. Possible mechanisms of local nutrient supply maintaining the high photosynthetic activity of phytoplankton in the East China Sea were also discussed.